speech art

Learning spech art

  John austin& john serle 1960- 

teory spech art

   Speech act theory is a subfield of pragmatics that studies how words are used not only to present information but also to carry out actions.
   The speech act theory was introduced by Oxford philosopher J.L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words and further developed by American philosopher J.R. Searle.

Types of Speech Acts

There are various kinds of speech acts, yet the following, classified by John Searle, have received particular attention:

Representatives commit a speaker to the truth of an expressed proposition.

• Paradigm cases: asserting, stating, concluding, boasting, describing, suggesting.
  • I am a great singer.
  • Bill was an accountant.

Commissives commit a speaker to some future action.

• Paradigm cases: promising, pledging, threatening, vowing, offering.
  • I am going to leave you.
  • I'll call you tonight.

Directives are used by a speaker who attempts to get the addressee to carry out an action.

• Paradigm cases: requesting, advsing, commanding, challenging, inviting, daring, entreating.
  • You'd better tidy up that mess.
  • Sit down.

Declarations affect an immediate change of affairs.

• Paradigm cases: declaring, baptising, resigning, firing from employment, hiring, arresting.
  • We find the defendant guilty.
  • I resign.

Expressives espress some sort of psychological state.

• Paradigm cases: greeting, thanking, apologising, complaining, congratulating.
• This beer is disgusting.
• I'm sorry to hear that.

1. Language in Use

   Having described various kinds of syntactic structures and what they mean we see that people often don't seem to say what they mean. They use languages differently from its apparent meaning; it has functions are different from the apparent structure.
   Example: Could I get you to open that window?
   How'd you like to hand me that wrench?
   Would it be too much trouble for me to ask you to hand me that wrench?
   I know this is an imposition, but could you possiblly open the window?
   instead of
   Open the window, Hand me the wrench, etc.
   

2. Sentence Structure and the Function of utterances

   We are `used to' having questions being used to ask for information, declarative sentences to state something, and imperative sentences to give orders. But the following may also occur:
   
   
   1. [Form: request:] Can I ask you to please refrain from smoking?
      [Function: command:} (= Please stop smoking!)
   2. [Form: Statement:] We ask that you extinguish your cigarettes at this time, and bring your tray tables and seatbacks to an upright position.
      [Function: command:] (= Stop smoking and sit up straight!)
   3. [Form: question] Well, would you listen to that!
      [Function: exclamation] (= That's really something to listen to.)

pragmatics

   is one of the fields of linguistics, the study of the relationship between language and the context of speech.  

   some experts argue that pragmatic as a study of linguistics, which studies the relations between language and the context of speech. 

  In my opinion pragmatics is linguistics which is very suitable for use in the current era, because pragmatic means speaking directly with speech without using codes. 

What is a syntax ?

Syntax comes from Greek which is a combination of syn words which mean "together", and the word taxis which means "sequence", "sequence". So the syntax is one of the branches of linguistics that studies rules that determine how words form phrases and phrases to form sentences

Phrase

Phrases are a group of words that have a function as a unit in a sentence (a group of words that make up a grammatical unit).

Clause
Free clause is a free clause contained in a compound sentence.


Examples of Application of Syntax in Sentences,
After knowing the basic syntax rules explained in the previous point, it is time for us to look at an example of its application in sentence examples at this point.

To guide us to better understand each example of a reference sentence, we have provided the meaning of Indonesian, bold in the subject, verb, and objects that make up the syntax, and underlined in the adverb or information that clarifies the 3 syntax elements, namely, subject, verb, and object .

Example :
I joined the chat room yesterday (I joined the chat room yesterday).
Explanation: This example also shows subject ("I" which means I, word), verb 2 ("joined", join, word which originates from verb 1 "join"), and object ("the chat room", phrase which means chat rooms) are sequential according to the syntax rules. After that, there is a word that shows the description of time, namely "yesterday" (yesterday).

Thankyou guys :)

I am so happy because the first time I make my brosur tour and travel. So today I loved make a brosur.
If you want to make a brosur you can call me 🙂

SEMANTICS

SEMANTICS

   Semantics? pastinya banyak diantara kalian yang belum tau apa semantics

oke saya akan menjelaskan apa itu semantics.

semantic cabang linguistic yang mempelajari makna atau arti yang terkandung dalam bahasa,kode,atau jenis lain dari representasi.

semantic adalah study tentang makna.study tentang makna yang digunakan unntuk memahami ekspresi manusia melalui bahasa.

 

NATURE

Alam itu indah.Dia ciptaan Tuhan yang sempurna dia mampu memberikan kenyamanan,dapat menghipnotis dengan berbagai keindahannya,memberikan banyak manfaat.Bagiku itulah gambaran alam.Tapi dengan adanya bencana alam diberbagai kota belakangan ini kadang membuat ku berpikir apakah alam sedang marah?apakah dia begitu terluka?apakah dia terlalu sakit?alam tidak akan menyakiti jika dia dirawat dan dilestarikan,dia tidak akan marah jika tidak ada penyebabnya.Manusia memang lah makhluk ciptaan Tuhan yang istimewa namun dia salah menggunakan kalimat istimewa itu,dia terlalu egois,manusia sekarang ini selalu menganggap masalah kecil adalah hal sepele,dia tidak perduli terhadap sekitar(lingkungan/alam)dia hanya memikirkan apa yang membuat dia merasa senang.dia mampu menikmati keindahan alam tapi dia tidak mampu menjaganya,kalau tidak mampu menjaga setidaknya jangan rusak alam,ada bermacam sifat manusia didunia.ada yang peduli,ada yang tidak peduli,ada yang suka memperbaiki,dan ada yang suka merusak,mereka yang suka merusak alam lah yang membuat hubungan manusia dengan alam rusak,sehingga mereka yang tidak bersalah ikut menanggung.finally alam tidak mau lagi bersahabat dengan manusia.